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The personal testimonies of conscientious objectors do not provide easy answers.

From alliances, to open warfare; from tense meetings on bridges, to collective mourning at family funerals: French and English royalty were united by marriage and divided by war.

Following the death by burning of Czech Wycliffite Jan Hus in 1415, Jan Zelivsk preached in Prague New Town on 30 July 1419.

Brazil’s cars have run on ‘green fuel’ for a century, but this has not come without costs. 

Relations between Turkey and the rest of Europe have often been defined by suspicion and mistrust. Do Ottoman-era grievances still hold sway?

When Blackshirts took over an Italian ship and headed for Cardiff, trade unions held a boycott in what was the first British protest against fascism.

Dismissed as ‘high and mighty’ and accused of pushing Charles I towards civil war, Henrietta Maria was a deft military mover – perhaps more so than the king himself.

The Battle of Stalingrad began in August 1942, subjecting its residents to months of living hell. But few doubted that the city was worth defending.

Early modern methods of execution were carefully calculated to inflict shame upon the condemned.