Political

Richard O. Collin tells the story of Italy’s parallel police forces, and how they have contended with Mussolini, the Red Brigades – and the Mafia.

Alexander II died on July 8th, 1249, aged fifty. His reign was often later remembered in Scotland as a golden age.

A.D. Harvey looks back a hundred years to the birth of modern local government in London - the launch-pad for many national political careers.

J.S. Hamilton weighs the evidence and concludes that Edward II and his notorious favourite were more than just good friends.

Michael Broers describes Napoleon’s efficient police-state and shows how the system became a model for rulers throughout Europe.

Beginning our new series on the history and development of policing, Clive Emsley sets the scene with a broad discussion of the origins and issues of early policing in Continental Europe.

Douglas Johnson reconsiders the circumstances in which de Gaulle relinquished his position as President of France and his mythic legacy in French history.

Richard Cavendish marks the anniversary of a crown appointment for the great poet, on 16 March 1649.

Eric Evans not only updates us on the latest research on Chartism but recommends how to avoid examination pitfalls.

Michael Hutchings argues that for too long Protestant historians have concentrated on the negative aspects of the era of ‘Bloody Mary' and that, in sharp contrast, there are positive achievements to her credit.