Turkey

Jonathan Phillips sees one of the most notorious events in European history as a typical ‘clash of cultures’.

The final moments of Byzantine control of the imperial capital.

Robert Johnson puts the decline of a once-great Empire into an international context.

Clive Foss looks at the way in which Kemal Atatürk rewrote history as part of his radical modernization of the Turkish nation.

The year 1915 saw the start of the Armenian genocide in Turkey. In his account of the complex historical background to these events Donald Bloxham focuses on the issue of great power involvement.

Mark Rathbone compares Gladstone's and Disraeli's differing approaches to a crucial foreign policy issue.

Matthew Stewart traces the roots of the Greco-Turkish war of 1921-22, and the consequent refugee crisis, to the postwar settlements of 1919-20.

Roman Golicz looks at English attitudes to Russia during the Eastern Crisis of 1870-78.

Philip Mansel explores the City of the Sultans from 1453 onwards, and finds it characterised by a vibrant multi-culturalism until the Ottoman demise of 1922.

Geoffrey Woodward assesses how great an impact the Turks had on sixteenth-century Europe.