Germany

Alan Farmer assesses the personal responsibility of the Führer

After he fell from power, Bismarck became a mythical hero figure of the right. The legend of the ‘Iron Chancellor’ was wielded by militarists, conservatives, and eventually, Adolf Hitler.

Richard Cavendish recalls May 17th, 1257.

Robert Carr dissects a book frequently referred to but seldom read.

The Berlin Wall was a tangible symbol of the suppression of human rights under communism. Was it more convenient to the West than their rhetoric suggested?

Jörg Friedrich’s horrifying account of the Allied bombing raids caused a stir on its first publication in Germany. Now it has been translated into English, and York Membery has canvassed some leading British historians for their views.

Mike Wells argues that Russian decisions in July 1870 were of major significance for the history of Europe.

Contrary to myth, it wasn’t Prince Albert but another German royal transplant who introduced the Christmas tree to Britain.

Did Hitler intend to provoke a general war over Poland in September 1939 or was it a serious miscalculation? Adam Tooze examines the views of leading historians before offering his own, new, interpretation of the decisions and events in Germany that ignited the Second World War.

The Prussians invaded Saxony on August 29th, 1756, marking the beginning of the Seven Years War of 1756-63.