Europe

Medieval Christmas

Existing elements of pagan midwinter rites fused with the developing theology of Christmas in an appeal to the senses of both sacred and lay.

On Crime & Punishment

'They do this for their Christian faith and for the saving of souls' – as Russians travelled west, they began to notice moral divides between the countries they visited and their own society.

Russia and Europe

Paul Dukes sets the scene for a series of articles on the rise of Russia from the seventeenth century.

The Spanish Ulcer

A book on the history of the Peninsular War and another review of a title on Portugal as seen by British Diplomats and traders.