Europe

David G. Chandler discusses the logistics of Military History.

'A trifle... a thing of no value... a bauble' or an educational aid, the gift-wrapping of a social morality? Toys mirror a culture, argues John Brewer - for society's attitude towards play reflects its conception of the role of childhood.

The loss to the Turks of Constantinople, the ancient capital of the Eastern Empire, in 1453 had been a terrible blow to Christendom. It was the crusading dream of Charles V, argues Sinclair Atkins, to reconquer the Byzantine city.

David Nicholls examines the central position of Satan in early modern French popular culture.

E. William Monter on the role of France and Italy in the development of witchcraft in Europe.

Gustav Henningsen on the Navarre witch-trials of the 17th century.

by Veljko Micunovic

E.G. Chipulina on the British Colony, Gibraltar's long history.

In the second article of The Resurgence of Islam Dr. Leila Ahmed, an Egyptian scholar who has taught at the United Arab Emirates University, examines the Islamic past - that of the Prophet Muhammad and the first four 'right-guarded caliphs' - to which the leaders of the current resurgence in the Islamic world seek a return.