Europe

Big Ben was first heard over the radio at midnight on 31 December 1923, to announce the New Year. 

Laura Rodriguez finds that, in spite of the devastating outcome for Spain of the Cuban conflict of 1898, there were some positive consequences.

Claire Cross shows how the experiences of English Protestant exiles on the Continent, and Continental exiles in England, affected Protestantism in the Sixteenth Century.

Stephen Williams and Gerard Friell analyse why Constantinople survived the barbarian onslaughts in the fifth century, whereas Rome fell.

Graham Darby provides a timely reconsideration of why the conflict went on for so long and why the Central Powers lost.

Before 1867, Alaska was a Russian fur-trading colony, its values and laws derived from Moscow and, in part, from the European Enlightenment. Ernest Sipes looks at the relations between the colonists and the native peoples.

The social, sexual and demonic power of women was an important theme in the popular print of Germany and the Low Countries in the 16th century, as Julia Nurse shows.

Bonaparte has sometimes been acclaimed as the greatest military commander in history. In our final article in this series, David Gates reviews his contribution to the art and science of warfare.

Having made many powerful enemies, the Dominican friar and puritan fanatic Girolamo Savonarola was executed on 23 May 1498.