Europe

Geoffrey Roberts explains the fateful sequence of events from the Nazi-Soviet Pact to Hitler's invasion of the USSR. 

F.G. Stapleton defends the record of Italian governments from 1861 to 1914.

Russel Tarr asks key questions about the religious radicals of the 16th century.

Richard Overy argues that the lesson Hitler Drew from 1914-18 was not that a major war should be avoided, but that Germany should prepare more systematically so that, next time, she would win.

Graham Darby examines the nature and effects of the war that dominated the first half of the 17th century.

Alan Farmer shows how the Republic survived the threat from the Right before the First World War.

Stuart Hood recalls his involvement with the Italian partisans in 1943-44, and is surprised by the way events in which he participated are memorialised.

Pamela Pilbeam looks at the appeal of utopian socialism in early 19th-century France.

Siegfried Beer looks at the links between The Third Man and British intelligence.

Geoffrey Woodward assesses how great an impact the Turks had on sixteenth-century Europe.