France

Philip E. Burnham Jr. describes how the court of Clement VI at Avignon became a model of humanism and scholarship for princely courts elsewhere in Europe.

Joanna Richardson describes how the volumes of the Goncourts Journal record the intelligent scene in late nineteenth-century France.

Geoffrey Treasure describes how, at the height of the monarchy’s crisis in 1648-9, the Court party made mistakes that were fortunately matched by the follies of their opponents.

During the Peninsular War, writes Michael Glover, British and French often treated one another with humanity and courtesy.

J.J.N. McGurk profiles Roger Bacon; a 13-century Franciscan, with a reputation as a necromancer, who showed a remarkable combination at Oxford and in Paris of philosophic and scientific gifts.

J.J.N. McGurk describes the life and times of a controversial philosopher of the early twelfth century.

Alton Ketchum describes the Founding Father's earliest military foray, against the French on the headwaters of the Ohio River.

Joanna Richardson introduces the creator of the popular press in France and a supreme example of the self-made man.

The Parisian idol died on 11 October 1963.

Martin Evans explains the aims and origins of France’s national museum of immigration.