Volume 31 Issue 9 September 1981

Ian Duffield looks at the invisibility of black people in histories of Britain.

During the sixteen years of Portugal's first Republic there were forty-five governments. Douglas Wheeler shows how this turbulent period of parliamentary rule gave birth to the Estado Novo (the New State), Europe's longest surviving authoritarian system of the twentieth century.

Barbara Bush looks at the experience of black people in 1930s Britain.

British-Russian rivalry over the control of Persia had, by the beginning of the twentieth century, a long history. Donald Ewalt shows how this conflict was greatly intensified by the discovery of oil and a growing realisation of its importance.

Paul Edwards traces the leading black figures of the period.