Skip to main content
Home

User menu logged out

  • Subscribe
  • Sign in

https://www.historytoday.com/magazine

Subscription
Offers

Give a Gift

Main menu

  • Home
  • The Magazine
  • Subscribe
  • Buy the Current Issue
  • Explore the Digital Archive
  • Institutions
  • Reviews
  • Sign in
Home

Mini header menu

  • Search
  • Magazine
  • Latest
  • Subscribe

Subscribe

The Crusades

Muslim Responses to the Crusades

Robert Irwin on how Islam saw the Christian invaders.

Robert Irwin | Published in History Today Volume 47 Issue 4 April 1997

To continue reading this article you need to purchase a subscription, available from only £5.

Start my trial subscription now

If you have already purchased access, or are a print & archive subscriber, please ensure you are logged in.

Please email digital@historytoday.com if you have any problems.

MedievalCrusadesMiddle EastIslamSocial

Popular articles

Maximilien Robespierre on the scaffold, 28 July 1794, c. 1799. Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris. Public Domain.
The Fall of Robespierre
‘Street Corner, Santiago de Cuba’, Winslow Homer, 1885. Museum of Fine Arts. Boston.
‘José Martí Reader: Writings on the Americas’ review

Recently published

Charles de Gaulle, 1942. Heritage Images/TopFoto.
Charles de Gaulle is Sentenced to Death
‘Linda Vesco instructs Edith and Peggy’ at the Beauty Farm, 17 August 1963. Valley Times Collection/Los Angeles Public Library.
Reduce and Seduce at the Teenage Beauty Farm
‘Street Corner, Santiago de Cuba’, Winslow Homer, 1885. Museum of Fine Arts. Boston.
‘José Martí Reader: Writings on the Americas’ review

Most read

  1. ‘José Martí Reader: Writings on the Americas’ review
  2. Charles de Gaulle is Sentenced to Death
  3. Reduce and Seduce at the Teenage Beauty Farm
  4. Shakespeare’s Lost Years
  5. A Christmas to Save the Byzantine Empire
X
Get Miscellanies, our free weekly long read, in your inbox every week

Footer menu

  • About
  • Masthead
  • Contact
  • Jobs
  • Advertising
  • RSS feeds
  • Submit an Article
  • Back Issues
  • Binders
  • Cookie policy
  • Awards
  • Students
  • Privacy policy
  • Terms of Use
  • X
  • Instagram
  • Bluesky
  • Facebook

© Copyright 2025 History Today Ltd. Company no. 1556332.