Political

The unholy alliance between France and the Ottoman Empire in 1530 caused great concern but had little military success.

A bloody massacre in Stockholm’s city square set Sweden on a course for independence under the leadership of Gustav I Vasa. A master of the ethos of 16th-century monarchy, his legacy is complicated.

A Revolutionary Friendship: Washington, Jefferson, and the American Republic by Francis D. Cogliano explores a relationship more complex than that of comrades turned rivals.

Britain’s Second World War Conservatives and their utopian dream of world government. 

The Lost Queen: The Surprising Life of Catherine of Braganza, Britain’s Forgotten Monarch by Sophie Shorland returns the consort to her rightful place in Restoration history.

East was East and West was West – until 1989. The Wall is gone, but are its Cold War demarcations still there?

Constitutional history dominated university history departments in Britain until the 1960s. It's making a comeback.

Britain’s dearth of Afghan informants provided an opportunity for a disinherited Indian prince and his son to present themselves as an authentic conduit to the Muslim world. Soon they were advising the nation on subjects from geopolitics to the powers of the occult.

At the outset of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference Japan enjoyed a seat at the top table, but the vexed issue of racial equality set it and its notional Western allies on different paths.

Does a state need a book of rules by which to operate? And who are those rules for, anyway?