A Tyrant goes on Trial

The idea that leaders and their functionaries might be held to account did not begin with the Nuremberg Trials that followed the Second World War. Precedents cited in the trials themselves included the Imperial Diet at Regensburg, which followed Frederick II’s invasion of Saxony in 1756, and the Congress of Vienna of 1815, which declared Napoleon a ‘disturber of the tranquility of the world’ after his escape from exile in Elba.

But another example, also cited at Nuremberg, has been raised from obscurity to be regarded as ‘the first international war crimes trial’. It was held to judge Peter von Hagenbach in the town square of Breisach in south-west Germany on 9 May 1474.

Hagenbach had been appointed by Charles, Duke of Burgundy to oversee his newly acquired territories in Alsace. That Hagenbach’s four-and-a-half-year rule was tyrannical does not seem to be in doubt. Complaints were raised from the beginning, though Charles rejected them. He did not want Hagenbach to do what neighbouring rulers or his new Alsatian subjects wanted him to do, he said. Charles wanted Hagenbach to do what he, Charles, wanted him to do.