Head to Head

Does a state need a book of rules by which to operate? And who are those rules for, anyway?

History is built with words. How have historians filled the silence that came before?

An old-fashioned feature of a fusty, inegalitarian past, when did the British stop knowing their place?

So called because it passed without a shot being fired, the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974 brought Portugal’s authoritarian Estado Novo to an end. Could the state have survived?

Four historians evaluate perceptions of Rome’s eastern successor beyond the piety, icons, bureaucracy and gold of Byzantium.

The Norman Conquest brought French kings, language and culture across the Channel. What did that mean for medieval England?

Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948. As India has changed, so has his place in its history.

By 380, a small cult originating near the periphery of the Roman Empire had grown to become its official religion: Christianity. Things would change – but in what ways?

The question asked by Werner Sombart in 1906 grew in relevance as the 20th century progressed. Why are leftist politics anathema to Washington – both at home and abroad?

There are ghosts in the archives. Floating nuns, joy-riding cyclists and things that go bump in the night. Four historical ghost stories and their meanings.