England

J.J.N. McGurk reflects on the eighth centenary of Becket's martyrdom.

Soon after their humiliating reverse at Weardale, writes I.M. Davis, the English recognized Scottish independence in the Treaty of Northampton.

Falkland’s death alone, wrote Clarendon, would have branded the Civil Wars as ‘infamous and execrable’. Desmond Henry asks whether the young man sought to end his own life in a mood of deep depression?

As judge, patron, landowner and courtier-administrator, Caesar successfully pursued his own ambitions. By Alan Haynes.

Aram Bakshian Jr. asserts that the impression of the Prince as a dashing cavalry commander scarcely does justice to the whole man.

Desmond Seward describes the abrupt end of a European military and financial institution.

Christopher Sinclair-Stevenson describes the failure of the unfortunate Pretender’s first attempt to invade Scotland.

The English seventeenth century was an Age of Anxiety; Iris Macfarlane describes how Oliver Heywood and other devout spirits sought refuge in religious faith.

C.G. Cruickshank describes how, having captured Tournai, the twenty-two-year-old king indulged his taste for sport and pageantry.

One of the last battles of the English Civil Wars – the Battle of Surbiton – took place in the county of Surrey, a few miles south of London in 1648.