Spain

Philip II - a pen portrait

Court fashion, a love of birdsong and the pressures of being a king are some of the subjects discussed in letters between Philip II of Spain and his teenage daughters. Janet Ravenscroft explores the human side of one of Europe’s most powerful Renaissance monarchs.

Spain’s Returning Jews

The last 150 years have seen a chequered but eventually triumphant reintegration of Jews into a society whose heritage they helped to mould, says C.C. Aronsfeld

Spanish Bankruptcy

The Spanish government managed by the Duke of Lerma was forced to declare a moratorium on its debts on November 19th, 1607.