France

The momentous final days of Maximilien Robespierre are well documented. Yet many of the established ‘facts’ about the Thermidorian Reaction are myths.

The life and personality of Francis I.

With his own elaborate imperial court, with his family ensconced on thrones across the continent, and with his overthrow of several historic republics, Napoleon brought Europe to a pinnacle of monarchism.

The mistress of Lord Nelson died on January 15th, 1815. 

Terrorist violence has a long history in France.

Besides his work as a military engineer, Vauban published books on a variety of subjects, from religious tolerance to pig-breeding and royal taxation. By F.J. Hebbert and G.A. Rothrock.

Born of a Calvinist family in the principality of Sedan, Turenne became the military hero of the Bourbon forces in civil and foreign wars. By Aram Bakshian.

Between 1886 and 1889, writes John Roberts, an ambitious soldier, taking advantage of a “vague aspiration toward national regeneration”, seemed to come near to destroying the Republic in France.

J.M. Thompson profiles Napoleon's revolutionary younger brother, who often clashed with the French leader.