Giuseppe Mazzini: 1805-1872
E.E.Y. Hales describes Europe's premier revolutionary between the years 1835 and 1860, who was inspired by patriotism, belief in democracy, and lofty religious ideals.
E.E.Y. Hales describes Europe's premier revolutionary between the years 1835 and 1860, who was inspired by patriotism, belief in democracy, and lofty religious ideals.
Bela Menczer introduces the role of an Hungarian at the Congress of Berlin.
In the cynical atmosphere of the Congress of Vienna, Consalvi imposed himself on his fellow statesmen and fought a successful battle for the restoration of the Papal States. E.E.Y. Hales describes a master of European diplomacy.
Often expelled, the Jesuits have as often returned. The unpopularity they excited was largely due to the power they exercised. How they came to acquire so much influence, writes E.E.Y. Hales, is “certainly one of the enigmas of history”.
During the campaign of 1815, writes Michael Glover, Wellington was handicapped by a shortage of military maps.
Gilbert John Millar introduces Christians from the Ottoman Empire who served in European armies.
J.S. Curtis charts the development of stringed keyboard instruments from the virginal and spinet, to the ‘forte-piano’.
Arnold spent some thirty-five years as an inspector of schools, in Europe as well as in England. David Hopkinson describes how the Victorian poet hoped education would humanize pupils and weaken the prejudices of nation and class.
Nicholas Henshall examines the politics of aristocratic culture in Europe between 1650 and 1750.
David Chandler describes how visiting old battlefields has become a holiday attraction for many tourists besides old soldiers.