Europe

Giuseppe Mazzini: 1805-1872

E.E.Y. Hales describes Europe's premier revolutionary between the years 1835 and 1860, who was inspired by patriotism, belief in democracy, and lofty religious ideals.

The Tragedy of Success

In the cynical atmosphere of the Congress of Vienna, Consalvi imposed himself on his fellow statesmen and fought a successful battle for the restoration of the Papal States. E.E.Y. Hales describes a master of European diplomacy.

Expelling the Jesuits

Often expelled, the Jesuits have as often returned. The unpopularity they excited was largely due to the power they exercised. How they came to acquire so much influence, writes E.E.Y. Hales, is “certainly one of the enigmas of history”.

The Maps of Waterloo

During the campaign of 1815, writes Michael Glover, Wellington was handicapped by a shortage of military maps.

Matthew Arnold’s School Inspections, Part II

Arnold spent some thirty-five years as an inspector of schools, in Europe as well as in England. David Hopkinson describes how the Victorian poet hoped education would humanize pupils and weaken the prejudices of nation and class.

The Age of the Elites

Nicholas Henshall examines the politics of aristocratic culture in Europe between 1650 and 1750.