Ottoman Empire

Catastrophe at Smyrna

Matthew Stewart traces the roots of the Greco-Turkish war of 1921-22, and the consequent refugee crisis, to the postwar settlements of 1919-20.

The Crimean War

The events leading up to Britain and France's declarations of war on Russia on successive days on 27 and 28 March 1854.

Europe's Muslim Capital

Philip Mansel explores the City of the Sultans from 1453 onwards, and finds it characterised by a vibrant multi-culturalism until the Ottoman demise of 1922.