John Peter Olinger
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After gaining its independence from Spain in 1824, Peru experienced a boom as a result of demand for guano as a fertiliser. As John Peter Olinger details, the boom came to an end when it was replaced by nitrate as the preferred fertiliser, and Chile seized Peruvian nitrate deposits in the War of the Pacific from 1879-84. Published May 31 1980
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 John Kennedy’s commitment to put a man on the Moon in the 1960s is often quoted – most recently by Gordon Brown – as an inspired civic vision. Gerard DeGroot sees the reality somewhat differently. |
