France

Terrorist violence has a long history in France.

Besides his work as a military engineer, Vauban published books on a variety of subjects, from religious tolerance to pig-breeding and royal taxation. By F.J. Hebbert and G.A. Rothrock.

Born of a Calvinist family in the principality of Sedan, Turenne became the military hero of the Bourbon forces in civil and foreign wars. By Aram Bakshian.

Between 1886 and 1889, writes John Roberts, an ambitious soldier, taking advantage of a “vague aspiration toward national regeneration”, seemed to come near to destroying the Republic in France.

J.M. Thompson profiles Napoleon's revolutionary younger brother, who often clashed with the French leader.

The atmosphere of plot and intrigue that surrounded the last few years of the Third Republic, writes Geoffrey Warner, has given French right wing extremists a taste for armed conspiracy.

Robert E. Zegger describes the alarming dip in Anglo-French relations, half way through the reign of Napoleon III.

Joanna Richardson describes some French visitors to England, from Louis XVIII and Madame de Stael to Verlaine and Mallarme.

In the summer of 1944, when Paris was to be liberated, and how, became for the Western allies a problem not only of military but of deep political significance.

‘I am nearly certain that this tunnel will be made sooner or later,’ declared an expert of the 1880s.