Hitler’s Hangman: The Life of Heydrich

It is peculiar that Reinhard Heydrich has not been the subject of a few more serious-minded biographies. After all, as an architect of the SS-state and the Holocaust, he offers a remarkable perspective on the inner workings of the Third Reich, while as an individual he displays the sort of nefarious, Mephistophelean character traits that would have many historians salivating.

Yet despite his high profile in the historical record Reinhard Heydrich has, until now, only rarely attracted the attentions of serious English-language biographers. Robert Gerwarth’s book is something of a rarity therefore. It is certainly worth the wait.  Gerwarth ably tracks the stages of Heydrich’s life: from his early years in Halle, through his aborted naval career, to his fateful meeting with his later wife Lina von Osten – a convinced Nazi. It was Lina who evidently turned the hitherto rather apolitical Heydrich into the prize Nazi specimen that he would later become: allying his cold, calculating nature with a political and racial ideology within which he could achieve his ambitions.

Once installed in Himmler’s security apparatus, from 1931 Heydrich became a major force in the emergence of the SS, constantly expanding its remit and espousing a perpetual radicalisation of Nazism. He was ever vigilant, seeking out new enemies – real or imagined – to be confronted and destroyed. Not so much a safe pair of hands, he proved to be a radical and utterly uncompromising administrator.

His career was correspondingly stellar. Already Himmler’s deputy, he headed the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) from 1939, thereby uniting all branches of the Nazi police and security network under his control. Later, in 1941, he was appointed to head the politically sensitive and economically vital ‘Protectorate’ of Bohemia and Moravia. Most infamously, perhaps, he assumed supervisory responsibility for the ongoing Holocaust at the Wannsee Conference at the start of 1942. Only his death at a Czech assassin’s hand the following summer stopped his seemingly inexorable rise.

Gerwarth tells this complex tale with considerable aplomb. He writes with real verve, pacing his account well and providing the perfect mix of narrative and analysis. Pleasingly, he is not shy of indulging in a few dramatic flourishes when the material and the circumstances allow, making this a history book that one can genuinely read almost in a single sitting. Moreover he is sure-footed and admirably clear on the historical framework, not least in explaining the murky and complex inter-relationships within the Nazi police state and delineating the twisted course of the genocide against the Jews.

The Heydrich that emerges from this account is a more rounded individual than the one portrayed in earlier, sometimes slightly breathless, biographies. He is revealed here as a human being; a single-minded, paranoid, psychopathic human being, but a human being nonetheless. Interestingly, in a state that prized physical and racial perfection, Heydrich was the only one of the senior personnel who came anywhere close to matching the taxing ideals, despite a persistent rumour of his part-Jewish blood. Tall, blond, aquiline, he was an accomplished sportsman (he fenced at national level), a gifted violinist and a trained pilot. A man of deeds rather than theories, Heydrich was an ascetic and workaholic and he played the Byzantine world of Third Reich politics like a chess grandmaster. He was as close to a ‘Nazi Renaissance man’ as it was possible to get.

Robert Gerwarth has succeeded admirably in remedying the lack of a scholarly biography of Reinhard Heydrich, one of the most pivotal and influential figures in the history of the Third Reich. His work has set a new standard by which subsequent biographies of Hitler’s ‘Blond Beast’ will surely be measured. 

Roger Moorhouse is author of Berlin at War: Life and Death in Hitler's Capital, 1939-45 (Vintage, 2011).