Spain

Charles C. Noel illustrates how the remodelling of the Spanish capital reflected the new philosophical and cultural concerns of her rulers in the 'Age of Reason'. 

Graham Darby rehabilitates the reputation of one of 17th-century Spain's chief ministers.

William Makin investigates an evil organisation, accomplice of a bigoted, racist and corrupt monarchy.

Fernando Cervantes explores the conversion process from polytheistic human sacrifice to devotion to the Mother Church.

Did Andres Aranda Ortiz die for his crimes or his anarchist beliefs in a Barcelona prison just before Christmas 1934? Chris Ealham considers an episode that lays bare the social and political tensions of a Spain on the eve of civil war.

Robert Stradling presents an intriguing new interpretation as to who the legendary Lothario actually was, and lifts the lid on questions of conspiracy and sexual identity in 17th-century Spain.

Paul K. Martin with an eyewitness account of Barcelona's rival Olympics of 1936.

John Edwards finds the roots of Spanish actions in America in the crusade mentality that won back the Iberian peninsula for Christendom in the Middle Ages.

Akbar Ahmed looks at the legacy of a Moorish past for the present Spain.

Hearts of oak - but those of the Don, not John Bull. John Harbron argues for a revaluation of the expertise, both of men and materiel, which made Spain a formidable naval foe on the eve of Trafalgar.